Details for: 01C0502106, Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare, 'Azurel'


Summary Data
Taxonomy:
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare
Cultivar:
'Azurel'
Origin:
Origin – France
Received by CRI:
2011
Improvement Status:
Advanced/improved cultivar
Life form:
Annual
Growth class:
winter
Is Core:
N
Form Received:
Seed
Availability
FormQuantityNoteInventoryCart
Seed5 gram01C0502106
Seed available for distribution is a limited resource. The quantity of seed distributed is hopefully sufficient to conduct the intended research. If additional seed is required, the recipient is urged to grow and reproduce the seed. Repeated requests for seed of the same accession will not be honored.
  
There are no images for this accession.

Core Passport Data
Taxonomy:
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare
Cultivar:
'Azurel'
Origin:
Origin – France
Received by CRI:
2011
Improvement Status:
Advanced/improved cultivar
Life form:
Annual
Growth class:
winter
Is Core:
N
Form Received:
Seed
Source History
Accession Group(s)
Group name: Obilniny
Note: Cereals
To search for accessions in this group, click the following link. Obilniny

Accession Names and Identifiers
'Azurel'
Type: Cultivar name

Hordeum vulgare L. var. pallidum SER.
Type: Site identifier

Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare var. hybernum
Type: Full taxon

Narrative
Curator: Zdeněk NESVADBA, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Gene Bank (CZE122) nesvadba@vurv.cz
Hordeum vulgare L. subspp. vulgare
Genus:
Hordeum
Subgenus:
Hordeum
Section:
Hordeum
Family:
Poaceae (alt. Gramineae)
Subfamily:
Pooideae
Tribe:
Triticeae
Nomen number:

19333
Verified:
May 29, 1992 by ARS Systematic Botanists.
Other conspecific taxa
Hordeum vulgare L. (89 active accession[s])
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. (25 active accession[s])
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Basionym
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. intermedium Körn., nom. nud.

Homotypic Synonym(s)
Hordeum vulgare L. var. vulgare

Heterotypic Synonym(s)
Hordeum agriocrithon A. E. Åberg
Hordeum agriocrithon A. E. Åberg var. dawoense A. E. Åberg
Hordeum coeleste (L.) P. Beauv. var. trifurcatum Schltdl.
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. nudideficians (Körn.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. steudelii (Körn.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. tridax (Körn.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum distichon L.
Hordeum distichon L. var. abyssinicum Ser.
Hordeum distichon L. var. erectum Schübl.
Hordeum distichon L. var. ianthinum Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nigricans Ser.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nudum L.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nutans Schübl.
Hordeum distichon L. var. nudideficiens Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. palmella H. V. Harlan
Hordeum distichon L. var. persicum Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. tridax Körn.
Hordeum hexastichon L.
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. cornutum (Schrad.) H. V. Harlan
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. haxtonii Körn.
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. mortonii Körn.
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. nudihaxtonii Körn.
Hordeum polystichon Haller f.
Hordeum polystichon Haller f. var. trifurcatum (Schltdl.) Asch. & Graebn.
Hordeum tetrastichum Stokes
Hordeum tetrastichum Stokes var. aethiops Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. aethiops Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. afghanicum Vavilov ex N. A. Ivanova
Hordeum vulgare L. var. coeleste L.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. coerulescens Ser.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. cornutum Schrad.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. deficiens (Steud. ex A. Braun) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. duplinigrum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. himalayense (Schult.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. horsfordianum Wittm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. leiorrhynchum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigricans (Ser.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigrum (Willd.) Peterm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pallidum Ser.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. steudelii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tetrastichon Čelak.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. trifurcatum (Schltdl.) Alef.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. violaceum Körn., nom. nud.
Hordeum zeocriton L.
Hordeum aegiceras Lindl.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Spenn.
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. deficiens (Steud. ex A. Braun) Á. Löve
Hordeum sativum Jess.
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. interjectum Flaksb.
Hordeum irregulare A. E. Åberg & Wiebe
Hordeum pyramidatum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rikotense R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. distichon (L.) Hook. f.
Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon (L.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. abergii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. abyssinicum (Ser.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. addisabebae Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. aethiopicum Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. africanum Vavilov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. amaricum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. angustispicatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. angustissimum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. ankoberense Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. anomalum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. asiaticoides Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. asiaticum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. asmaricum Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atratum Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atricornutum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atrispicatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atroviolaceum Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atterbergianum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. atterbergii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. axumicum Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. bactrianum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. brachyantherum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. braunii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. breve Alef.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. breviaristatum Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. brevisetum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. brevispicatum Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. chinense Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. chungense A. E. Åberg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. compactum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. compositum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. contractum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. copticum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. cornutiforme A. E. Åberg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. crispicapillum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. crispum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. cucullatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. curylepis Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. decorticatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. decussatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. densum Ser.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. djimmaicum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. dubium Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. dundar Zhuk.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. duplialbum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. dupliatrum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. erectum J. L. Rode ex Schübl.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. erythreictum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. euryhypatherum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. freislebenii Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabriasiaticum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabribrevisetum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabricoeleste Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabriparallelum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabriviride Trofim.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gobicum Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gracilius Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gustafssonii Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gymnanomalun Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gymnocrithum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. gymnospermum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. haxtoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. heterolepis Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. hochstetteri Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. hybernum Viborg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. inerme Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. janthinun Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. koernickei Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. unranked krausianum Wittm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. lamarum A. E. Åberg
Hordeum vulgare L. var. latiglumatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. latispicatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. leioheterolepis Vavilov ex Lukyanova et al.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. leiomacrolepis R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. macrolepis (A. Br.) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. medicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. melanocrithum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. meneliki Vavilov ex Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. mortoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. multispiculum Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. neogenes Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigripallidum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigriscens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigritonsum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudideficiens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudidubium Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudifurcatum R. E. Regel
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudihaxtoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudipyramidatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nuditonsum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nuditransiens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nutans (Schübl.) Alef.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nutans-pallidum Trofim. & Lukyanova
Hordeum vulgare L. var. parallelum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pavonicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. persicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. platylepis Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pseudoabyssinicum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pseudotrifurcatum Langst.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. pyramidatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. recens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rehmii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. revelatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. nothovar. rimpaui Wittm.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rosii Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. schimperianum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. seringei Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sikangense Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subaethiops Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subatterbergii Körn.
Hordeum distichon L. var. subcompositum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subcornutum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subdecussatum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subduplialbum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subdupliatrum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subeurylepis Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subhaxtoni Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subinerme Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sublatiglumatum Vavilov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sublaxum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subnudipyramidatum Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subviolaceum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. thomaei Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tibetanoides Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tonsum Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tortile (Robert) Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. transiens Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. triangulare Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. triceros Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tridax Körn.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. viridihaxtoni Mansf.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. viridis Vavilov & Orlov
Hordeum vulgare L. var. zeocrithon (L.) Alef.
Hordeum polystichon Haller f. var. polystichon
Hordeum agriocrithon A. E. Åberg var. agriocrithon
Hordeum deficiens Steud. ex A. Braun var. deficiens
Hordeum distichon L. var. distichon
Hordeum ×intermedium (Körn.) Carleton var. intermedium
Hordeum coeleste (L.) P. Beauv.
Hordeum coeleste (L.) P. Beauv. var. coeleste
Hordeum tetrastichum Stokes var. tetrastichum
Invalid Designation(s)
Hordeum vulgare L. var. brunneinudum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. chalunicum Vavilov & Orlov ex Lukyanova et al., nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. colonicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. daghestanicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabrideficiens Vavilov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabrierectum Vavilov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabrigracilius Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabripyramidatum Vavilov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. glabrispicatum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. griseinigrum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. griseinudum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. hadaka Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. hangaicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. harlani Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. hypatherum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. ibericum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. insularum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. japonicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. kobdicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. latibrevisetum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. latinudipyramidatum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. latirevelatum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. micrurum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. mongolicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nanum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nigrinudum Vavilov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nipponicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudijaponicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudinipponicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. palestinicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. rarum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sessilifurcatum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sinicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. sinojaponicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. solitarium Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. suberectum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subneogenes Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subnudum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subnutans Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subparallelum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subpyramidatum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. subzeocrithum Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. syriacum (R. E. Regel) Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. tibetanum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. uljassutaicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. urgaicum Vavilov & Orlov, nom. inval.
Hordeum vulgare L. var. zeocrithideficiens Vavilov, nom. inval.
Common names
LANGUAGENAMEALTERNATE NAMENOTESEQCITATION
English barley 1 Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
French orge 2 Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
French orge vulgaire 2 FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
German Gerste 2 Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
German Saatgerste 2 Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Italian orzo 2 Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Japanese Rōmaji ō-mugi 2 Koyama, T. 1987. Grasses of Japan and its neighboring regions
Portuguese cevada 2 Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Spanish cebada 2 Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
Transcribed Chinese da mai 2 Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
Transliterated Greek krithe 2 Hanelt, P., ed. 2001. Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops. Volumes 1-6
Annotations
Other Links
Actions
  • Enter ECN Into System: . 02 Nov 2011.
Pathogens
Vouchers
Citations
Pedigree
Pollination type:
(4) Crossing
Intellectual Property Rights
Czech registration. Issued: 01 Jan 2008.
MLS. (Multi-Lateral System FAO item.)
MLS.
FAO Standard Material Transfer Agreement.

Observations

Phenotype Data

CategoryDescriptorDescriptionValueStudyInventoryAvailability
BIOLOGY047 Winter hardiness (field - survive) 8 - 81-90 %2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
BIOLOGY049 Lodging - resistance 8 - high - very high2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
BIOLOGY061 Powdery mildew - resistance 6 - medium - high2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
CHEMICAL097 Grain - crude protein content 4 - 10,1-12,0 %2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY001 Plant - tuft shape (at tillering) 7 - loosely spreading 56-70°2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY003 Plant - height 7 - tall 111-125 cm2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY011 Leaf second upper - width 5 - medium 1,1-1,5 cm2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY013 Leaf - waxy bloom 7 - dense2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY024 Spike - length 3 - short 5,1- 6,0 cm2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY080 Stand - number of spikes 2 - 300- 400/m22012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY091 Spike - number of grains 3 - small 14-16 - two-rowed 33-36 - six-rowed2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY092 Spike - number of spike lets 3 - small 17-19 - two-rowed 36-40 - six-roved2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY009 Leaf - flag - position (at the beginning of heading) 3 - erect 15- 45°2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY010 Leaf second upper - length 3 - short 10,0-15,0 cm2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
MORPHOLOGY020 Spike - position (at full ripeness) 7 - nodding 91-135°2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
PHENOLOGY045 Vegetation period - cultivar (to standard cv. - days) 5 - middle-early -1 - +12012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
PHENOLOGY046 Vegetation period heading - full maturity - cultivar (to standard cv. - days) 4 - -4 - -22012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
PRODUCTION083 Stand - grain yield preliminary (to the standard cv.) 5 - medium 95,1-105,0 %2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
PRODUCTION090 Spike - grain mass 4 - 0,9-1,0 g - two-rowed 1,5-1,8 g - six-rowed2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
PRODUCTION085 Stand - 1000 grain massdifferent scales for spring and winter barley7 - high spring:45,1-48,0 g winter:53,6-57,5 g2012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows) 
PRODUCTION087 Stand - harvest indexdifferent scales for spring and winter barley9 - very high spring: >0,57 winter: >0,642012 Genebank Dept.-Div. Genet. & Plant Breed.- Res. Inst. Crop Production (winter barley) (6 rows)