| Animal food | fodder | | Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2 |
| Animal food | forage | | Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2 |
| Environmental | soil improver | | University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program. UC SAREP on-line cover crop database (on-line resource). |
| Human food | beverage base | | Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics |
| Human food | cereal | | Rehm, S. & G. Espig. 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics |
| Human food | starch | | Markle, G. M. et al., eds. 1998. Food and feed crops of the United States, ed. 2 |
| Medicines | folklore | | Duke, J. A. et al. 2002. CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs |
| Medicines | folklore | | McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. |
| Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Note: poisonous |
| Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Kellerman, T. S. et al. 1988. Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in Southern Africa Note: poisonous |
| Vertebrate poisons | mammals | | Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson. 1998. Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning Note: poisonous |